论文逻辑结构 Structure

一篇论文，是由哪些要素构成的？该如何下笔写？

现在，请阅读下面这篇摘要：

英文原版

中文翻译（机翻）

Escherichia coli is a commonly used bacterial indicator of water quality. Despite the significance of E. coli decay rate in many engineering applications, there has been scant field studies in subtropical coastal waters. In this study, laboratory experiments and field studies for E. coli decay rates are carried out for the first time in Hong Kong coastal waters. E. coli decay rates under typical ranges of light intensity, water temperature and salinity in the subtropical coastal waters are determined in the laboratory experiments. It is found that light intensity is the most significant factor affecting E. coli decay rate: 14.7–107 d−1 under light-exposure as compared to 0.85–1.50 d−1 in darkness. A decay formula is derived based on the laboratory results and validated against field studies of in-situ E. coli decay rate carried out at a coastal beach in Hong Kong. A parallel tracer method with reference to storm events is used, with the stream flow and the E. coli loading from the storm water runoff as the two sources of tracers. The freshwater concentration of a beach sample measures the physical dilution due to the mixing of the stream flow with the marine water. The E. coli concentration measures both the physical dilution and the bacterial decay; the biological decay of E. coli can then be determined from the measured freshwater and E. coli concentrations. The in-situ E. coli decay rates range from 1.3 to 5.1 d−1 for the four episodic storm events; the corresponding time required to have a 90% reduction of the initial E. coli level ranges from 10.8 to 42.3 h. The decay rates can be reasonably predicted by the formula derived from laboratory experiments. The present findings provide more realistic estimates of bacterial decay rate than values inferred from indirect model calibration against sparsely sampled data, and enable accurate predictions of water quality accounting for spatial and temporal variations of environmental factors.

大肠杆菌是水质的常用细菌指示剂。尽管在许多工程应用中大肠杆菌衰变率具有重要意义，但在亚热带沿海水域的野外研究却很少。在这项研究中，首次在香港沿海水域进行了大肠杆菌衰变率的实验室实验和现场研究。在实验室实验中确定了亚热带沿海水域在典型的光强度，水温和盐度范围内的大肠杆菌衰减率。发现光强度是影响大肠杆菌衰变率的最重要因素：在光照下，大肠杆菌的衰变率为14.7–107 d-1，相比之下，在0.85–1.50 d时-1在黑暗中。根据实验室结果得出衰减公式，并针对在香港沿海海滩进行的原位大肠杆菌衰减速率的现场研究进行了验证。使用了与暴雨事件相关的并行示踪方法，将雨水径流中的水流和大肠杆菌作为示踪物的两个来源。海滩样品的淡水浓度测量了由于溪流与海水混合而造成的物理稀释。的大肠杆菌浓度措施二者物理稀释和细菌衰变; 然后可以从所测得的淡水和大肠杆菌浓度中确定大肠杆菌的生物降解。这对于这四个突发性暴风雨事件，原位大肠杆菌的衰减率范围为1.3到5.1 d -1；将初始大肠杆菌水平降低90％所需的相应时间为10.8至42.3小时。衰减率可以通过实验室实验得出的公式合理地预测。本研究结果提供了比对稀疏采样数据的间接模型校准所得出的值更真实的细菌衰减率估计值，并能够对环境质量的时空变化做出准确的水质预测。

Field and laboratory studies of Escherichia coli decay rate in subtropical coastal water

Sentence Functions of Abstracts

The following are the usual moves of abstracts.

[Background] 1) The writer sets the scene.

[Purpose(s)]	2) The writer tells the audience the reason the project was chosen and what the benefits of it are / could be.

[Outline]	3) The writer gives an outline of what s/he plans to investigate.

[Method]	4) The writer discusses the method of investigation in greater detail.

[Results]	5) The writer summarises the major findings of the research.

[Niche]	6) The writer states that the proposed research has a niche (i.e. it fills a gap).

[Recommendation(s)]	7) The writer recommends future directions for his / her own research or research in the same field.

练习题

请指出上面的摘要中:

• 每一个句子的功能是什么

• 它们如何连接起来的

• 每个功能组（moves）的字数占比大致为多少

前三句的分析，举例如下：

1: Background，介绍大肠杆菌

2: Research Gap，引出衰变率，并明确研究区域

3: Significance，本研究的独特点

参考文献

学校课程

SUSTech English I II III 写作入门

Scientific Writing 学术写作

TOFEL Writing 托福议论文写作

博客文章